The nature of modern imperialism
European Union Polices Block African Agricultural Exports Action for Southern Africa (ACTSA)
http://www.worldhunger.org/articles/africa/actsa.htm
http://www.worldhunger.org/articles/africa/actsa.htm
| thorntonearlykongoportugueserelations.pdf |
| international_trade_and_trade_policy_its_impact_on_the_developing_world.pdf |
This page is where I will store sources so I can use them for future reference later on
The author of this second article actually disagrees with the idea that diverting capital away from domestic industries lead to the decline of Brittan, he concludes that any correcting of such"market imperfections" would only raise national income a little bit. But the information in the article does support the thesis that capital was being diverted away from domestic industries
"Did Victorian Brittan Fail?" By Donald N. McCloskey
The Economic History Review 1970
Electronic Page 6
“The City, the story goes, was expert at channeling British savings into foreign trade credit and railway bonds, but inexpert at serving the industrial hinterlands of Britain itself. Keynes, for example, emphasized the Colonial Stock Act of 1900 and similar Acts before it which permitted British trust funds to be invested in colonial railway and governmental bonds, giving, he claimed, an artificial incentive to investment abroad. The effect was "to starve home developments by diverting savings abroad and, consequently, to burden home borrowers with a higher rate of interest than they would need to pay other-wise"...”
Electronic page 7
…”The qualification “with the same risk” requires emphasis. In 1911-13 the average return on all capital at home was more than 10 per cent, while the return on capital abroad was less than 5 per cent. The capital abroad, however, was held in safe bonds, while the capital at home had to be held on balance in equity. Englishmen owned their own capital stock and the risk of ownership required compensation in the form of a higher return than on the comparative safety of lending abroad. Englishmen who were willing to own capital received, through the leverage of loans from the faint-hearted, a return higher than the 10 per cent return on real capital, while bondholders received a lower return. Some, and perhaps all, of the difference between the return on real capital at home and bond capital abroad, then, was a reward for assuming risk. “
The author of this second article actually disagrees with the idea that diverting capital away from domestic industries lead to the decline of Brittan, he concludes that any correcting of such"market imperfections" would only raise national income a little bit. But the information in the article does support the thesis that capital was being diverted away from domestic industries
"Did Victorian Brittan Fail?" By Donald N. McCloskey
The Economic History Review 1970
Electronic Page 6
“The City, the story goes, was expert at channeling British savings into foreign trade credit and railway bonds, but inexpert at serving the industrial hinterlands of Britain itself. Keynes, for example, emphasized the Colonial Stock Act of 1900 and similar Acts before it which permitted British trust funds to be invested in colonial railway and governmental bonds, giving, he claimed, an artificial incentive to investment abroad. The effect was "to starve home developments by diverting savings abroad and, consequently, to burden home borrowers with a higher rate of interest than they would need to pay other-wise"...”
Electronic page 7
…”The qualification “with the same risk” requires emphasis. In 1911-13 the average return on all capital at home was more than 10 per cent, while the return on capital abroad was less than 5 per cent. The capital abroad, however, was held in safe bonds, while the capital at home had to be held on balance in equity. Englishmen owned their own capital stock and the risk of ownership required compensation in the form of a higher return than on the comparative safety of lending abroad. Englishmen who were willing to own capital received, through the leverage of loans from the faint-hearted, a return higher than the 10 per cent return on real capital, while bondholders received a lower return. Some, and perhaps all, of the difference between the return on real capital at home and bond capital abroad, then, was a reward for assuming risk. “
| did_victorian_brittan_fail.pdf |
"The London Stock Exchange and the British Securities Market, 1850-1914" By R. C. MICHIE
The Economic History Review Vol. 38, No. 1 (Feb., 1985), pp. 61-82
| london_securities.pdf |
"The British Stock Market and British Economic Growth, 1870- 1914"
by
Richard S. Grossman Wesleyan Univesity
J. Bradford De Long U.C. Berkeley
| stock_market.pdf |
"The Decline of the British Economy: An Institutional Perspective" by Bernard Elbaum and William Lazonick
Organization and Technology in Capitalist Development
| decline_of_brit_economy.pdf |
"SURVEYS AND SPECULATIONS Capital Exports, I 870-I 9I4: Harmful or Beneficial?" By SIDNEY POLLARD
The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Nov., 1985), pp. 489-514
| capital_export.pdf |
| paper_economis_of_the_slave_trade.doc |
| world_war_ii_what_it_did_for_the_american_economy.doc |
Agricultural subsidies are imperialism!
"Cultivating poverty" 21 novembre 2005
http://www.papda.org/article.php3?id_article=105
"Farm Subsidies: Devastating the World’s Poor and the Environment" by Max Borders and H. Sterling Burnett
National Center for Policy Analysis
BRIEF ANALYSIS
No. 547
For immediate release:
Friday, March 24, 2006
http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/ba547.pdf
“How Tightly Has China Embraced Market Reforms
in Agriculture?” Domestic and global challenges could push Chinese policymakers to go further with market reforms or retreat from global markets.
by
Fred Gale
Bryan Lohmar
Francis Tuan
http://www.ers.usda.gov/amberwaves/June09/Features/ChinaMarket.htm
"How an Addiction To Sugar Subsidies Hurts Development" Posted on January 26, 2005
http://www.globalenvision.org/library/15/722
“US cotton farmers see the effects of American subsidies on Africa” by Keith July 19, 2006 (thank you JMT2 for posting this)
http://www.voiceinthedesert.org.uk/keith/archives/2006/07/us_cotton_farme.html
"Could U.S. Ethanol Solve Third World Hunger?" by Christopher Mims May 07, 2010
http://environment.change.org/blog/view/could_us_ethanol_solve_third_world_hunger
"Don't blame Mexican tortilla crisis on biofuels, blame subsidized corn instead Quicknote bioenergy economic"
http://news.mongabay.com/bioenergy/2007/02/dont-blame-biofuels-for-mexican.html
"IEA chief: Europe and United States should import ethanol from developing world" Monday, October 16, 2006 (this article is 4 years old though)
http://news.mongabay.com/bioenergy/2006/10/iea-chief-europe-and-united-states.html
"Mounting opposition to Northern farm subsidies African cotton farmers battling to survive" By Gumisai Mutume
http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol17no1/171agri4.htm
"High duties keep food imports from poor countries out of Europe"
http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5127705,00.html
"Debt & the World Bank"
http://www.whirledbank.org/development/debt.html
"With a drop in the international price of coffee, its chief export, Uganda found itself by April 1999 once again saddled with an officially "unsustainable" debt burden"
"US AND EU COTTON PRODUCTION AND EXPORT POLICIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA:" from the ethical global association May 2004
http://www.3dthree.org/pdf_3D/1404-EGICottonBrief_FINAL.pdf
“On the Road to Cancún: A Development Perspective on EU Trade Policies” By Faizel Ismail
http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0000475/P433_Ismail.pdf
Kenya: Bumper Harvest Now a Nightmare for Farmers
http://allafrica.com/stories/201003161127.html
"Kenyans Starve as Food Worth Millions of Shillings Rots"
http://allafrica.com/stories/201003091139.html
"Nwanze Decries Country's Food Import" 23 March 2010
http://allafrica.com/stories/201003230247.html
"Uganda: Maize Prices Fall Due to High Yields by Beatrice Wanja" 1 May 2010
http://allafrica.com/stories/201005031060.html
Kenya: Food Prices Fall Due to Improved Supply Barnabas Bii 3 May 2010
http://allafrica.com/stories/201005031121.html
"Kenya horticulture exports stopped by volcano ash cloud" http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/kenya/100420/kenyan-horticulture-exports-stopped-volcano-ash-cloud
"Dumping produce might sound appallingly wasteful in a country where 1.6 million people survive on emergency food handouts from international aid agencies, but the fine beans, sugar snap peas, runner beans, baby corn and other high-end vegetables are as alien to most Kenyan dinner tables as a bowl of "ugali" maize porridge is to American tastes"
“Manufacturing a Food Crisis” By Walden Bello June 2, 2008
http://www.countercurrents.org/bello170508.htm
"Profits before people: The great African liquidation sale" 5 November 2009
http://farmlandgrab.org/8757
"the liberalised trade that cranked open Africa’s doors to cheap imports and subsidised foodstuffs dumped on the continent, which snuffed out African industries and undermined African farmers who, ironically, the same free-market gurus said should not be subsidised"........
"With cheap food imports, Haiti can’t feed itself U.S. policies encouraging low tariffs on imports destroyed local agriculture" March. 21, 2010
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/35967561/ns/world_news-americas//
“The True Cost of Cheap Food” By Timothy Wise March/April, 2010
http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/217-hunger/48869-the-true-cost-of-cheap-food.html
"how agricultural subsidies in rich countries hurt poor nations" by WOLE AKANDE, Columnist (Nigeria) 19oct02
http://www.mindfully.org/WTO/Subsidies-Hurt-Poor-Akande19oct02.htm
Video: "Haiti Wants Food Aid to Stop?"
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ar-2b9Xtj2I
"Farm Subsidies That Kill" By NICHOLAS D. KRISTOF Published: July 5, 2002 from the New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/05/opinion/farm-subsidies-that-kill.html?pagewanted=1
"Giving Away the Farm: The 2002 Farm Bill" By Anuradha Mittal June 2002
http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/?q=node/view/39
"Cultivating poverty" 21 novembre 2005
http://www.papda.org/article.php3?id_article=105
"Farm Subsidies: Devastating the World’s Poor and the Environment" by Max Borders and H. Sterling Burnett
National Center for Policy Analysis
BRIEF ANALYSIS
No. 547
For immediate release:
Friday, March 24, 2006
http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/ba547.pdf
“How Tightly Has China Embraced Market Reforms
in Agriculture?” Domestic and global challenges could push Chinese policymakers to go further with market reforms or retreat from global markets.
by
Fred Gale
Bryan Lohmar
Francis Tuan
http://www.ers.usda.gov/amberwaves/June09/Features/ChinaMarket.htm
"How an Addiction To Sugar Subsidies Hurts Development" Posted on January 26, 2005
http://www.globalenvision.org/library/15/722
“US cotton farmers see the effects of American subsidies on Africa” by Keith July 19, 2006 (thank you JMT2 for posting this)
http://www.voiceinthedesert.org.uk/keith/archives/2006/07/us_cotton_farme.html
"Could U.S. Ethanol Solve Third World Hunger?" by Christopher Mims May 07, 2010
http://environment.change.org/blog/view/could_us_ethanol_solve_third_world_hunger
"Don't blame Mexican tortilla crisis on biofuels, blame subsidized corn instead Quicknote bioenergy economic"
http://news.mongabay.com/bioenergy/2007/02/dont-blame-biofuels-for-mexican.html
"IEA chief: Europe and United States should import ethanol from developing world" Monday, October 16, 2006 (this article is 4 years old though)
http://news.mongabay.com/bioenergy/2006/10/iea-chief-europe-and-united-states.html
"Mounting opposition to Northern farm subsidies African cotton farmers battling to survive" By Gumisai Mutume
http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol17no1/171agri4.htm
"High duties keep food imports from poor countries out of Europe"
http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5127705,00.html
"Debt & the World Bank"
http://www.whirledbank.org/development/debt.html
"With a drop in the international price of coffee, its chief export, Uganda found itself by April 1999 once again saddled with an officially "unsustainable" debt burden"
"US AND EU COTTON PRODUCTION AND EXPORT POLICIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA:" from the ethical global association May 2004
http://www.3dthree.org/pdf_3D/1404-EGICottonBrief_FINAL.pdf
“On the Road to Cancún: A Development Perspective on EU Trade Policies” By Faizel Ismail
http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0000475/P433_Ismail.pdf
Kenya: Bumper Harvest Now a Nightmare for Farmers
http://allafrica.com/stories/201003161127.html
"Kenyans Starve as Food Worth Millions of Shillings Rots"
http://allafrica.com/stories/201003091139.html
"Nwanze Decries Country's Food Import" 23 March 2010
http://allafrica.com/stories/201003230247.html
"Uganda: Maize Prices Fall Due to High Yields by Beatrice Wanja" 1 May 2010
http://allafrica.com/stories/201005031060.html
Kenya: Food Prices Fall Due to Improved Supply Barnabas Bii 3 May 2010
http://allafrica.com/stories/201005031121.html
"Kenya horticulture exports stopped by volcano ash cloud" http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/kenya/100420/kenyan-horticulture-exports-stopped-volcano-ash-cloud
"Dumping produce might sound appallingly wasteful in a country where 1.6 million people survive on emergency food handouts from international aid agencies, but the fine beans, sugar snap peas, runner beans, baby corn and other high-end vegetables are as alien to most Kenyan dinner tables as a bowl of "ugali" maize porridge is to American tastes"
“Manufacturing a Food Crisis” By Walden Bello June 2, 2008
http://www.countercurrents.org/bello170508.htm
"Profits before people: The great African liquidation sale" 5 November 2009
http://farmlandgrab.org/8757
"the liberalised trade that cranked open Africa’s doors to cheap imports and subsidised foodstuffs dumped on the continent, which snuffed out African industries and undermined African farmers who, ironically, the same free-market gurus said should not be subsidised"........
"With cheap food imports, Haiti can’t feed itself U.S. policies encouraging low tariffs on imports destroyed local agriculture" March. 21, 2010
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/35967561/ns/world_news-americas//
“The True Cost of Cheap Food” By Timothy Wise March/April, 2010
http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/217-hunger/48869-the-true-cost-of-cheap-food.html
"how agricultural subsidies in rich countries hurt poor nations" by WOLE AKANDE, Columnist (Nigeria) 19oct02
http://www.mindfully.org/WTO/Subsidies-Hurt-Poor-Akande19oct02.htm
Video: "Haiti Wants Food Aid to Stop?"
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ar-2b9Xtj2I
"Farm Subsidies That Kill" By NICHOLAS D. KRISTOF Published: July 5, 2002 from the New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/05/opinion/farm-subsidies-that-kill.html?pagewanted=1
"Giving Away the Farm: The 2002 Farm Bill" By Anuradha Mittal June 2002
http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/?q=node/view/39
